Search for: All records

Abstract Hybrid fused two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) rings are important pharmacophores in drugs owing to their unique structural and physicochemical properties. Preparation of these strained ring systems often requires elaborate synthetic effort and exhibits low efficiency, thus representing a limiting factor in drug discovery. Here, we report two types of energy-transfer-mediated cascade dearomative [2 + 2] cycloaddition/rearrangement reactions of quinoline derivatives with alkenes, which provide a straightforward avenue to 2D/3D pyridine-fused 6−5−4−3- and 6−4−6-membered ring systems. Notably, this energy-transfer-mediated strategy features excellent diastereoselectivity that bypasses the general reactivity and selectivity issues of photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition of various other aromatics. Tuning the aza-arene substitutions enabled selective diversion of the iridium photocatalysed energy transfer manifold towards either cyclopropanation or cyclobutane-rearrangement products. Density functional theory calculations revealed a cascade energy transfer scenario to be operative. 

To ascertain the influence of binary ligand systems [1,1-dicyanoethylene-2,2-dithiolate (i-mnt −2 ) and polyamine {tetraen = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, tren = diethylene triamine and opda = o -phenylenediamine}] on the coordination modes of the Ni( ii ) metal center and resulting supramolecular architectures, a series of nickel( ii ) thiolate complexes [Ni(tetraen)(i-mnt)](DMSO) ( 1 ), [Ni 2 (tren) 2 (i-mnt) 2 ] ( 2 ), and [Ni 2 (i-mnt) 2 (opda) 2 ] n ( 3 ) have been synthesized in high yield in one step in water and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic techniques. X-ray diffraction studies disclose the diverse i-mnt −2 coordination to the Ni +2 center in the presence of active polyamine ligands, forming a slightly distorted octahedral geometry (NiN 4 S 2 ) in 1 , square planar (NiS 4 ) and distorted octahedral geometries (NiN 6 ) in the bimetallic co-crystallized aggregate of cationic [Ni(tren) 2 ] +2 and anionic [Ni(i-mnt) 2 ] −2 in 2 , and a one dimensional (1D) polymeric chain along the [100] axis in 3 , having consecutive square planar (NiS 4 ) and octahedral (NiN 6 ) coordination kernels. The N–H⋯O, N–H⋯S, N–H⋯N, N–H⋯S, N–H⋯N, and N–H⋯O type hydrogen bonds stabilize the supramolecular assemblies in 1 , 2 , and 3 respectively imparting interesting graph-set-motifs. The molecular Hirshfeld surface analyses (HS) and 2D fingerprint plots were utilized for decoding all types of non-covalent contacts in the crystal networks. Atomic HS analysis of the Ni +2 centers reveals significant Ni–N metal–ligand interactions compared to Ni–S interactions. We have also studied the unorthodox interactions observed in the solid state structures of 1–3 by QTAIM and NBO analyses. Moreover, all the complexes proved to be highly active water reduction co-catalysts (WRC) in a photo-catalytic hydrogen evolution process involving iridium photosensitizers, wherein 2 and 3 having a square planar arrangement around the nickel center(s) – were found to be the most active ones, achieving 1000 and 1119 turnover numbers (TON), respectively. 

Dearomative cycloaddition reactions represent an ideal means of converting flat arenes into three-dimensional architectures of increasing interest in medicinal chemistry. Quinolines, isoquinolines, and quinazolines, despite containing latent diene and alkene subunits, are scarcely applied in cycloaddition reactions because of the inherent low reactivity of aromatic systems and selectivity challenges. Here, we disclose an energy transfer–mediated, highly regio- and diastereoselective intermolecular [4 + 2] dearomative cycloaddition reaction of these bicyclic azaarenes with a plethora of electronically diverse alkenes. This approach bypasses the general reactivity and selectivity issues, thereby providing various bridged polycycles that previously have been inaccessible or required elaborate synthetic efforts. Computational studies with density functional theory elucidate the mechanism and origins of the observed regio- and diastereoselectivities.